Ikiganiro giherutse kuvugwa—n’impinduka muri politiki—ku ikoreshwa ry’udupfukamunwa mu rwego rwo gukumira ikwirakwira rya Covid-19 bigaragaza ko hari ibintu bibiri bifatika. Kubera impamvu runaka, twagiye dufata iki kibazo cy’ubuzima rusange mu buryo butandukanye. Ntitubona ibitekerezo bibaza niba abantu bakeneye kugumana metero 1.8 hagati yabo mu muhanda, aho kuba metero 1.8, cyangwa se bigatera gushidikanya niba ari igitekerezo cyiza guteza imbere ibihe byo gukaraba intoki bifite amasegonda 20. Ariko iyo bigeze ku gupfuka mu maso, hashyizweho uburyo bwo gukaraba cyane. Mu byumweru bishize, impuguke zatanze inama yo kwitonda—cyangwa zanze ikoreshwa ry’udupfukamunwa n’abaturage muri rusange—ubwo basabaga ibimenyetso byiza kandi byumvikana kurushaho. Kuki?
Birumvikana ko bafite ukuri ko inyandiko z’ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa rya mask zidatanga ibisubizo bihamye. Nta bushakashatsi bunini bwakozwe bugaragaza ko gukoresha mask ku giti cyawe bishobora gukumira ikwirakwira ry’icyorezo; kandi ibyakozwe ku ma mask na grippe byatanze ibisubizo bidasobanutse neza. Ariko ubu buhamya buke ntabwo butubwira byinshi, uko byagenda kose: Igeragezwa ntirigaragaza ko mask ari ingirakamaro, cyangwa ko ari akaga cyangwa ko ari ugupfusha ubusa igihe. Ibyo biterwa nuko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ari buke kandi bufite ibibazo by’uburyo bwo gukora.
Urugero, igerageza rikomeye ryakozwe ku buryo butunguranye ku ikoreshwa ry’udupfukamunwa mu banyeshuri ba kaminuza bo muri Amerika mu gihe cy’ibicurane cyo mu 2006-07. Kugabanuka kw’indwara mu bambara udupfukamunwa muri ubwo bushakashatsi ntabwo byari bifite agaciro gakomeye. Ariko kubera ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihe cyagaragaye ko ari igihe gito cy’ibicurane, igerageza ryabuze ubushobozi bwo gusuzuma icyo kibazo; nta barwayi bahagije bari bafite ku buryo abashakashatsi babasha kumenya niba kwambara udupfukamunwa byarushijeho kunoza isuku y’intoki gusa. Ntibashoboye kandi kwirengagiza ko abanyeshuri bari bamaze kwandura mbere y’uko igerageza ritangira.
Cyangwa se ufate ubundi bushakashatsi ku gihe kimwe cy’ibicurane, kuri iyi nshuro muri Ositaraliya, butagize icyo bugeraho. Ubwo bushakashatsi bwarebye abantu bakuru babana n’abana barwaye ibicurane. Abantu bari munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri mu itsinda ry’abambara udupfukamunwa bavuze ko badukoreshaga “igihe cyose cyangwa igihe cyose.” Mu by’ukuri, bakundaga kurara iruhande rw’abana babo barwaye batadufashe. Ibi bisa cyane n’ikibazo cyo kumenya niba wambara udupfukamunwa mu bantu utazi mu iduka ry’ibiribwa mu gihe cy’icyorezo.
Ariko iki ni iki: Umuntu ashobora kwinubira bimwe ku bimenyetso bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry’udupfukamunwa n’abakozi bo mu rwego rw’ubuzima. Nubwo buri wese yemera ko ubu buryo ari ingenzi cyane mu bitaro no mu mavuriro, si uko dufite ibimenyetso bifatika bivuye mu magerageza yakozwe ku buryo butunguranye. Amagerageza make yo kwa muganga dufite yo gukoresha udupfukamunwa ku bakozi bo mu rwego rw’ubuzima mu gukumira ibicurane nta ngaruka zigaragara agaragaza; ndetse ntashobora no kwerekana ko udupfukamunwa twa N95 dukomeye dukora neza kurusha udupfukamunwa two kubaga. Ayo magerageza na yo ntabwo ari meza cyane. Urugero, umuntu yagerageje ubushobozi bwa udupfukamunwa two kwambara agereranya abakozi bo mu rwego rw’ubuzima batwambaraga n’abambaye udupfukamunwa two kubaga cyangwa udupfukamunwa two kubaga, ndetse n’itsinda ry’abagenzuzi ryakurikije "imikorere isanzwe" mu bitaro. Byagaragaye ko abakozi benshi bo mu itsinda ry’abagenzuzi bambaraga udupfukamunwa two kubaga, bityo ubushakashatsi ntibwashoboye kwerekana neza niba udupfukamunwa two kwambara twari twiza (cyangwa twari tubi) kuruta kwambara udupfukamunwa na gato.
Mu by’ukuri, ishingiro rya siyansi ku bakozi bo mu rwego rw’ubuzima bakoresha udupfukamunwa ntabwo rituruka ku igeragezwa ry’indwara z’ibicurane cyangwa icyorezo. Rituruka ku buryo bwo gusuzuma udupfukamunwa bugaragaza ko udupfukamunwa dushobora kubuza uduce duto twa virusi kwinjiramo—hari nibura icumi na tubiri muri two—ndetse no ku bushakashatsi bwo kugenzura icyorezo cya coronavirus cyo mu 2003 cyateye SARS. Ubwo bushakashatsi bwa SARS ntibwari bugenewe abakozi bo mu rwego rw’ubuzima gusa.
Nibyo koko abakozi bo mu rwego rw'ubuzima cyangwa abandi bantu bita ku barwayi ba Covid-19 bahura n'ikigero cyo hejuru cyane cya coronavirus kurusha abandi bose. Mu gihe cyo kubura udupfukamunwa, biragaragara ko bafite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa uburenganzira bwo kwitabwaho. Ariko iyo si impamvu yo kuvuga ko nta bufasha buriho bwo gukoresha udupfukamunwa n'abandi bose. N'ubundi kandi, nta geragezwa ry'ubuvuzi rihari ryemeza ko intera ya metero 1.5 irinda kwandura, nk'uko tubizi. (Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima usaba gusa gutandukana kwa metero 1.5.) Ndetse n'igeragezwa ry'ubuvuzi ntirigaragaza ko gukaraba intoki mu masegonda 20 ari byiza kuruta kubikora mu masegonda 10 iyo bigeze ku kugabanya ikwirakwira ry'indwara mu cyorezo cy'indwara z'ubuhumekero. Ishingiro rya siyansi ry'iyo nama y'amasegonda 20 yo gukaraba intoki ituruka ku bigo bya Amerika bishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara, rituruka ku bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari bupima virusi ku ntoki nyuma y'amasaha atandukanye yo gukaraba.
None se iyi ngingo ebyiri ku birebana n'udupfukamunwa yaturutse he—kandi kuki amaherezo yakuweho?
Ndatekereza ko ahanini biterwa nuko twakomeje gusuzugura iyi virusi, mu gihe dushyira hejuru ubushobozi bwacu bwo kuyirwanya. Miao Hua, umuhanga mu by'imibanire y'abantu akaba n'umuganga mu bitaro bya Mount Sinai mu Mujyi wa New York, yatunguwe n'itandukaniro ry'imyumvire ku bijyanye no kurwanya ubwandu muri Amerika ugereranije na Wuhan. Mu Bushinwa, yanditse mu byumweru bike bishize, ikwirakwira ry'ibitaro ryatumye abantu bihutira gusiba igitekerezo cy'uko ingamba zo kwirinda indwara zisanzwe zari zihagije kugira ngo iyi coronavirus nshya ihagarare. Ibyo yumvaga mu Bushinwa byari bitangaje, nk'uko yabivuze, cyane cyane biteye impungenge bitewe n'"uko umuryango w'abaganga b'Abanyamerika wananiwe kwandika umwihariko wa Covid-19 mu mateka".
Impinduka ziherutse gukorwa na CDC mu gushyigikira udupfukamunwa zigaragaza ko iki cyemezo cyari cyarakemutse gishobora kuba cyarakozwe. Itangazo ry'ikigo rivuga ko iyi mpinduka yatewe n'ibimenyetso byinshi bigaragaza ko iyi ndwara idakwirakwira kimwe n'ibicurane: ko abantu bashobora kwandura kandi ntibagire ibimenyetso, kandi ko iyi virusi ishobora gukwirakwira mu kuvuga, ndetse no gukorora, kwitsamura no gukora ku bintu byanduye.
Ndatekereza ko kudashaka guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya mask ku baturage muri rusange, ndetse no gukoresha ibimenyetso bibiri mu gushyigikira, byatewe n'impungenge z'uko abantu batashoboraga gukoresha mask batiyanduje. Cyangwa ko masks yatanga icyizere cy'umutekano kidasanzwe, bigatuma bagabanya kwitandukanya n'abandi cyangwa izindi ngamba. Itumanaho ryiza ni ingenzi hano, nk'uko byagenze ku buryo bwo gukaraba intoki neza. Stella Quah, umuhanga mu by'imibanire y'abantu muri Kaminuza ya Singapuru, yize ku mibereho y'abaturage icyorezo cya SARS muri Singapuru, aho ubukangurambaga bw'ubuzima rusange bwari bukubiyemo inyigisho ku isuku y'intoki, ndetse no gupima ubushyuhe n'ikoreshwa ryiza rya masks. CDC yahinduye amabwiriza yayo yo kwambara masks ku wa gatanu ushize, hanyuma ishyiraho inama nke ku buryo bwo kwambara no kuyikuramo, hamwe n'amabwiriza yo gukora iyawe ukoresheje bandanas na filters za kawa.
Uburezi burenze ubwo buzakenerwa cyane, ariko niba ayo mashusho yose tubona kuri televiziyo y'abantu bafite udupfukamunwa tudapfutse amazuru cyangwa ay'akananwa ari ikintu cyo kwitondera. Amateka ya vuba aha afite isomo rimwe. Nyuma y'inkubi y'umuyaga ya Katrina, ibikoresho byo guhumeka byasabwe umuntu wese ukora akazi ko kuvura ibihumyo muri New Orleans. Inyigo y'uko byakozwe ku bantu 538 basanzwe babikora yagaragaje ko ari ngombwa kwigishwa: 24% gusa ni bo bambaye neza, kandi akenshi bari abantu basanzwe babikora; hagati aho 22% by'abantu bambara ibikoresho byo guhumeka babyibushye. Abanditsi b'ubwo bushakashatsi barangije bagira bati: “Ingamba zo kunoza uburyo bwo guhumeka zigomba kwitabwaho mu igenamigambi cyangwa icyorezo cya grippe n'ibiza.” Inyigo yakozwe mu 2014 i Wuhan yasanze ikoreshwa ryiza ry'ibikoresho byo guhumeka ku bakozi batari abarwayi ryari rinini cyane nyuma y'amahugurwa.
Ese gukoresha udupfukamunwa mu buryo bukwirakwira (kandi bukwiye) byaba byaragize ingaruka ku buryo virusi yavuye mu buryo idashobora gukwirakwira? Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2018 na Jin Yan na bagenzi be bo mu kigo gishinzwe ibiribwa n'imiti muri Amerika bwubatse icyitegererezo gishingiye ku bitekerezo byavuye mu makuru ya laboratwari. Basanze ko niba abantu 20 ku ijana gusa bakoresha udupfukamunwa, ntacyo byaba bihindura ku ikwirakwira ry'ibicurane. Ariko, ku kigero cya 50 ku ijana, iyo hakoreshejwe udupfukamunwa two kubaga twifashishwa mu buryo buhanitse, ingaruka zishobora kuba zikomeye. Ibyo ni ibisubizo by'ibitekerezo gusa, kandi tuzi ko icyorezo cya Covid-19 cyagaragaye ahantu hatakoreshejwe udupfukamunwa cyane. Ku rundi ruhande, iyo icyorezo kidashoboye kugenzurwa, ndetse n'uruhare ruto rurakenewe.
Amaherezo, biragoye kwibagirwa ko ihame ry’ubusumbane ku bijyanye no kwambara udupfukamunwa ridafite aho rihuriye na siyansi ahubwo rifitanye isano n’umuco mu bijyanye n’uburyo twitwara mu gihe cy’icyorezo. Itandukaniro ryagaragaye kuva nibura icyorezo cya mbere cya coronavirus, SARS, cyahinduye imyumvire n’imyitwarire ku buzima rusange muri Aziya. Si ukubera udupfukamunwa gusa: Ibihugu bitari ibya Aziya nabyo byitwaye mu buryo butandukanye mu gusuzuma ubushyuhe bw’abantu cyangwa kwica udukoko ahantu hahurira abantu benshi. Ariko nta gishya kiri muri iyi ngeso. Akenshi dusaba ibimenyetso bidasanzwe iyo igikorwa kidahuye n’ibitekerezo byacu. Ikibabaje ni uko ibyo ari ibintu bisanzwe; kandi abahanga mu bya siyansi ntabwo babyihanganira.
WIRED itanga uburenganzira bwo kubona inkuru zivuga ku buzima rusange n'uburyo bwo kwirinda mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya coronavirus. Iyandikishe ku makuru yacu ajyanye n'amakuru agezweho ya Coronavirus kugira ngo ubone amakuru agezweho, kandi wiyandikishe kugira ngo ushyigikire itangazamakuru ryacu.
WIRED niho ejo hazaza hagaragarira. Ni isoko y'ingenzi y'amakuru n'ibitekerezo bisobanutse ku isi iri mu mpinduka zihoraho. Ikiganiro cya WIRED kigaragaza uburyo ikoranabuhanga rihindura buri gice cy'ubuzima bwacu—kuva ku muco kugeza ku bucuruzi, siyansi kugeza ku bishushanyo. Iterambere n'udushya tuvumbura biyobora ku buryo bushya bwo gutekereza, imibanire mishya, n'inganda nshya.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Mata-09-2020